Control System Buying Check List

By Lysette Hunt

Proper control selection is based on several criteria, including technical capability, plant environment and commercial aspects. When integration, maintenance and lifecycle costs are evaluated, the cheapest proposed control system may end up being the most expensive solution.

A control system must be able to meet the needs of its application. By evaluating the technical needs, some control systems may be eliminated. The larger vendors have several platforms to provide solutions with options from a few to several thousand I/O. The following list will help to determine minimum system requirements:

• I/O count broken down by analog in, analog out, discrete in, discrete out.
• Functional count by controllers, motors, batch processes, sequences, motion control.
• Remote or local I/O, I/O via radio, Ethernet, Control Net, fieldbus, Profibus, other.
• Acceptable processing limits in milliseconds.
• Higher level control applications such as fuzzy logic or model-predictive control.
• Specific control application requiring vendor experience in implementation.
• Safety instrumented system.
• Dependency on information from other systems.
• Communication to other systems.
• Number/types of graphics.
• Operator interaction.
• Alarm management.
• Trending.
• Historical database.
• Scalability.
• Documentation.

Plant Environment

Regardless of the scope of the project, an understanding of the current state of controls at the plant and the plant vision is essential in making a good decision. System architecture drawings and a plant process overview provide a good basis for understanding the current state of controls. An understanding of the plant personnel can help decide whether it is even possible to look at a control system other than what is currently installed. And finally, a master control plan can be essential to the evaluation.

• System Architecture Drawing. A system architecture drawing includes the control hardware, HMIs, engineering workstations, communications, control networks, instrument networks, radios, Ethernet, supervisory servers, including SCADA, data historian, MES, plant network and mill network. There may be several drawings for one plant. If the system architecture drawings do not exist, they should be developed. They are a good maintenance tool, and systems rarely run autonomously anymore.
• Plant Process Overview. The plant process overview is a flow diagram of the plant indicating current control of each process, whether manual control, panel control, PLC, DCS or hybrid, type of HMIs, hardware type and software revisions. Which control room each process is controlled from should be noted. If this document does not exist, a sketch developed in a meeting with the customer may suffice.
• Plant Personnel. An understanding of the number and the level of control support by plant mechanics, technicians, engineers and outside firms responsible for maintaining and modifying the controls is helpful. If the control system chosen can’t be maintained by the plant personnel, this may be an issue. Some applications may be better served by a DCS, but if the maintenance crew is lean and PLC-savvy, then installing a PLC may be a preferable.
• Master Control Plan. With continuous advances in control automation, from the field device to controls to communications to enterprise software, it is important to understand the plant vision when selecting a control system. A master control plan may take months to develop, and can be crucial in allowing a plant to take advantage of the latest technologies and higher level enterprise software.
• A master control plan is a five-to-10-year automation plan or vision for a plant. It should include detailed steps forward from the existing control to overall plant automation. Projects are prioritized for implementation. Projects that are planned for implementation today have all the hooks and memory to be viable and compatible with future automation plans. Rework and reinvestments are kept at a minimum, reducing the total cost of ownership.

If the plant does not have a master control plan, and the project at hand does not allow for such a study, it is still important to have an understanding of the plant vision for controls. You may learn some very interesting facts that will make a difference in your selection of controls. 

Information that will help to make a better selection includes plans to upgrade existing control software, replace existing control hardware, consolidate the plant to single control room, add MES, to increase security, reduce workforce, automate a second similar line, or add a higher level of control in the future, such as asset management.

Commercial Costs

There are many factors that affect the real cost of a control system beyond the cost of the vendor proposal.

• Project Cost. Vendor proposals include control hardware, software, engineering, programming and checkout.

Costs that are not always included are start-up and commissioning, wiring, electrical contractor, mechanical contractor, tuning, spare parts and training. These must be accounted for and evaluated as part of the total project cost.

• Lifecycle Costs. The lifecycle costs are more difficult to estimate and can differ greatly from system to system. Hard costs include spare parts, firmware upgrades, Ethernet hubs, additional levels of integration, wiring, licensing, maintenance contracts, training costs and real estate for engineering workstations, operator stations, training manuals and documentation. If the control system being considered is different from the controls currently installed, there may be costs associated with losses due to lack of familiarity by plant personnel to support the system at the highest level, and losses caused by operator action due to differences between operator stations.