By William T. Dolan, PE, Genzyme Corp.
Genzyme Corp. recently installed a multi-bus control system platform at its 12-year-old pharmaceutical facility in Allston, Mass., which manufactures enzyme replacement therapies for rare lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs). The facility originally used a conventional distributed control system to make two enzyme replacement therapies, while the multi-bus control system and new process equipment were installed recently in a renovated suite, which is used exclusively for manufacturing Myozyme, which is a drug therapy for Pompes disease.
Fieldbus in biopharma applications, Part 1
Process areas included in the multi-bus control system include mammalian cell culture, purification, clean-in-place (CIP) and steam-in-place (SIP). Bus technology has been deployed on skid equipment, which includes bioreactor skids, chromatography skids, ultrafiltration skids and CIP skids. Also, bus technology has been deployed on stick-built fixed vessels, associated piping and transfer panels. Fieldbus technologies included in the facility are Foundation fieldbus (FF), Profibus-DP, AS-interface (AS-i), and Devicenet.
This was our first introduction to bus technology at Genzyme and our subsequent selection of bus technologies based on the process equipment needs within a cell culture and protein purification manufacturing environment. Bus technology is used in process areas electrically-rated general purpose and Class 1, Div. 2.
[Fieldbus in Biopharma, Part 1, Control, July 06, focused on why Genzyme decided to use fieldbus, how and where it was deployed, and what architecture was used. Part 2 continues coverage of how Genzymes fieldbus segments were designed.]
More Segment Design
The buses selected for our facility included a powered bus and an unpowered bus. The powered buses include FF and AS-i, while the unpowered buses include Profibus-DP and DeviceNet. The goal was to have the stick-built process equipment, which included vessels, transfer panels and skid equipment, use an identical segment design. This allowed us to develop segment design standards that were followed by our engineering design contractor and the skid vendors.
In the third picture in Figure 1 below, you can see green-colored modules near the bottom of the panel. These are discrete I/O modules that are attached to the AS-i segment in this cabinet enclosure. Transfer panel proximity switches are hardwired from the transfer panel location to these modules. There was a concern about not exceeding the AS-i bus segment length, and so the segment length was minimized by placing the I/O modules in the field termination box (FTB) and not at the individual transfer panels. Today, this may not be a concern because segment length is less restrictive with AS-i segment tuners, which didnt exist when our project was implemented.
FIGURE: 1: FIELDBUS SEGMENT DESIGNCleaning bioreactor units requires a portable valve cart to be manually hose connected to various process piping headers on the bioreactor.
Unpowered Buses
Separately powered or unpowered buses such as Profibus-DP and DeviceNet have very straightforward wiring practices. They both follow a multi-drop wiring or daisy chain wiring schema. Wired in a similar fashion to each device is the required 24 VDC power supply. As mentioned earlier, DeviceNet is used to interface variable speed and single speed motors. Our motor-control center is scattered about the facility, and tends to serve more than one process unit. For example, two bioreactors and one seed reactor have all their respective motors for agitators and pumps in the same 480 VAC, UPS-fed, motor-control center (MCC). To maintain independent process units, three separate DeviceNet trunks feed this MCC, including one from each of the two bioreactor trains controllers and one from the seed reactor controller. Since each unit has its own separate controller, it follows that the MCC interface should be unique for each. Sometimes this results in some process units having very lightly loaded DeviceNet segments, and so the bus cost may be high per unit. The purification side of the facility exploits DeviceNet more fully from a device count perspective because of the abundance of buffer prep and buffer hold vessels, which are covered with only two DeviceNet segments.
Fieldbus in Hazardous Settings
The last item in segment design has to do with using fieldbus in an electrically hazardous environment. Most of our purification space is classified as Class 1, Division 2, Group C and D. Our first introduction to fieldbus was in the cell culture side of the facility, and this space is electrically rated as general purpose. Moving segment designs already in place for general purpose areas into an electrically classified environment required some changes which buses we could employ from those used in cell culture. Immediately, AS-i wasnt appropriate due to its high power levels, which dont facilitate an intrinsically-safe or an explosion-proof implementation. However, FF can be used in a Class 1, Div. 2 electrical environment and in a Class 1, Div. 1 space.
Added to the market at the time of our implementation was FFs Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept (FISCO). It has many desirable attributes such as eliminating the requirement for entity parameter calculations, less documentation to develop and maintain, instruments that can be added later to the segment without the need for further segment analysis, higher power levels that allow more devices per segment. Before FISCO, segment device count usually couldnt exceed four devices for an Entity IS segment, but the count could be as high as 12 with FISCO. Because it was new, our design presented a concern regarding the availability of field devices certified for a FISCO implementation. We found all the devices we used on the cell culture side of the facility that would be used in purification were FISCO certified, and so we could continue to use the same suppliers and devices. Though the FISCO implementation is designed for a Class 1, Div. 1 electrical environment and our space classification is Class 1, Div. 2, we decided to pursue the FISCO design because it meant that all segment and device maintenance and troubleshooting could be accomplished with a powered segment or device.
Shortly after FISCO was introduced, another non-incendive design appeared. This Fieldbus Non-Incendive Concept (FNICO) is intended specifically for Class 1, Div. 2 electrical environments. Yes, we could have pursued this approach, but there was a comfort level in the facility about addressing electrically classified areas with intrinsically safe (IS) implementation, which ensures that facilities personnel never have to think about powering down instrumentation prior to performing maintenance or troubleshooting.
Also, FISCO requires that all elements in its segment be FISCO certified. This includes the fieldbus power supply/isolator, Relcom Spurguard, and field instrument.
Earlier, we mentioned that AS-i wasnt appropriate for IS applications. Therefore, another solution was sought for the discrete devices in the electrically classified space. Given that our continuous measurement and control devices followed, an IS implementation with FISCO and an IS solution were envisioned for the discrete devices. We tried to keep host controller cabinets in safe-area spaces, and only allow I/O subsystems in process spaces. IS remote I/O was installed in the process space to interface to low-power solenoid operators for valve actuators, valve position limit switches, rupture disk indicators, and transfer panel proximity switches. The remote I/O modules are intrinsically safe, but the communications, Profibus-DP, to each is not. Profibus-DP cant be implemented intrinsically-safe though its a non-incendive design.
Fieldbus Instrumentation Attributes
Our experience with fieldbus shows there are some fieldbus devices that lend themselves nicely to biopharma applications. A few instruments can illustrate this point.
The first is the Rosemount 848T temperature transmitter, which also allows for other input types besides RTD and thermocouple. Steam-in-place (SIP) is a common process in biopharmaceutical facilities for sterilizing process vessels and piping. SIP is usually automated with multiple temperature elements at various low point condensate drains, and usually has five to eight temperature elements per vessel. In the case of a bioreactor, the temperature element count can approach 30 or more. In the early design stages of our cell culture facility, there was some concern about how to handle the many RTD inputs with a bus system. Certainly, a Foundation fieldbus transmitter for each input would be unwieldy from a construction standpoint, not to mention the cost. Fortunately, 848T allows up to eight inputs per instrument, which reduces the device count. We also use this device to convert conventional 4-20 mA/DC devices to Foundation fieldbus.
Likewise, Micromotion mass flowmeters are used extensively in our facility, for example, on chromatography skids. From one fieldbus connection to the device, we can realize all four process variables measured or calculated by the mass flowmeter. These include mass flow, volumetric flow, fluid temperature, and fluid density. Typically, volumetric flow is the primary value of interest, and is a calculated value from the device (mass flow/density). Volumetric flow is used as the process variable for the flow control loop on the chromatography skid. Initial running of the skid requires priming the inlet buffer lines.
While executing the prime phase, weve noticed that when two-phase flow is introduced through the meter, the density will drop in proportion to the two-phase mixture, causing the volumetric flow to read high. Since we prime the various buffer lines based on passing a certain liquid volume, its important to only totalize liquid flow and not two-phase flow. To prevent totalizing of two-phase flow, we use the density input, detect when its no longer that of a liquid, and then turn off the totalizer. In this case, the host controller is actually writing to a parameter in memory in the fieldbus device. This ensures that all buffer lines have had the predetermined liquid volume transferred, and shows the two-way communication available with fieldbus devices.
In addition, Gemu manufactures valve actuators for on/off diaphragm valves. These valve actuators communicate to the host by way of AS-i bus . The valve actuators have a solenoid valve and open/close limit switches in the actuators topworks. Its not unusual to find diaphragm valves open for SIP, and then indicate valve not closed when commanded closed at the end of SIP. This is due to the diaphragm being more malleable when heated, which allows the actuator stem to drive the diaphragm slightly deeper into the weir of the valve body past the previously set or cold diaphragm closed position. This device includes a programmable hysteresis for the open and closed limit switch that allows for process condition. Typically, its the closed limit switch were interested in confirming in the case of sterile boundary valves.
Impact of Fieldbus at Genzyme
Genzyme reports that fieldbus helped it achieved its technology objectives in five areas:
- Expanded view for operators, engineers, and technicians. Successfully realized because, from any operator workstation, its possible to drill down to the instrument configuration and quickly assess current instrument operating status.
- Reduce wiring and installation costs. Though we didnt track and compare costs with a conventionally instrumented system, our qualitative sense tells us that, because of the reduced number of home run cables and associated conduit size reductions and quantities, our installation cost must be less.
- Reduce I/O equipment and control cabinet size. Successfully achieved. Though our controller cabinet sizes are reduced, we may, in fact, have more cabinets compared to a conventionally wired system due to the added cabinet count for field termination boxes.
- Reduction in man-hours for commissioning and start-up. Not realized. We believe the effort is essentially identical for fieldbus and conventionally instrumented system, at least, thats been our experience. Perhaps we havent optimized this activity because there are many proponents that advocate this point. We likely have more to learn on this topic.
- Fieldbus reduces total cost of ownership. We believe this will be answered in the affirmative, when we realize a predictive maintenance model, and eliminate run to failure or scheduled maintenance. Given the fact that cell culture production can run for months at a time, its imperative that the instrumentation platform be extremely robust, so bioreactor runs arent terminated early due to instrument problems. To this end, we have evidence to date that the fieldbus platform has enabled us to remedy imminent device failure prior to the start of a production run.
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