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New trends and old friends in network choices

Oct. 12, 2005
Industrial process automation: Wireless and Ethernet technologies are taking over today's trendy solutions, but don’t count out the classics like the fieldbuses, which remain old favorites that still are in high demand.
By Rich Merritt, Senior Technical EditorHOW DO YOU take yours? Straight up with a twist or with syrup and berries? As we've reported frequently in this magazine, industrial Ethernet and wireless technologies are all the rage. Virtually every new product now comes with an Ethernet port, and enough wireless attachments are available to make any control or instrumentation product a wireless device. It would seem we are heading for a wireless, Ethernet world.But don’t count out other technologies just yet. Established fieldbuses are making giant strides; one of the oldest networks of all—Modbus—is gaining new life; and not everybody is sold on the newest technologies. TALES FROM THE EDGE
As trends emerge more clearly, we usually can find a few early adopters to help define accompanying benefits. Ian Drazin is electrical and instrumentation supervisor at Potlach Corp., which produces coated printing papers, bleached paperboard and private-label tissue products in North Las Vegas, Nev. Drazin says Potlach went wireless four years ago in its warehouse and production area, primarily to control fork trucks, but he couldn’t leave well enough alone.“I began redesigning our DH+ and Ethernet networks, connecting them to a field-mounted Allen-Bradley gateway,” says Drazin. “Once complete, I connected the company LAN to the gateway. Now, from my office, I can route communications through the gateway and gain access to my PLC processors. To make it better, I then coerced my IT department to install 802.11b wireless PCMCIA cards in our maintenance laptops. Armed with such a tool, I could connect to the PLC via my laptop’s wireless connection and walk up to the equipment I was working on and see input/outputs in real time.”Drazin enjoys many benefits from this system, including wireless Internet access. “Many equipment manufacturers finally are making comprehensive product information available on their websites,” he notes. “Maintenance personnel save time if they have immediate access to product drawings, specifications, user manuals, set-up procedures, etc.”Joe Markham, control engineer at biopharmaceutical manufacturer Protein Design Labs, Brooklyn Park, Minn., uses industrial Ethernet in his process development group. “We have a number of PLCs, operator interfaces and PCs connected via Ethernet,” he reports. “Ethernet is fast, especially compared to going via serial port out to a KF2 box, and onto DH+. Also, with Ethernet we can leverage the business infrastructure. We have our switches configured, so only selected engineering people can access the control system Ethernet LAN via the business LAN. This lets the engineers connect to the control system components from anywhere, while keeping the LANs isolated.”


“The downsides to wireless networks are security, dead spots, unexplained loss of connection and slower data transfer…but wireless works surprisingly well. even in high RF industrial manufacturing environments.”

Engineers with laptops especially benefit. “Laptops all come with Ethernet these days, but none of them come with DH+, Profibus, or any other control LAN technology,” he notes. While Drazin enjoys the benefits of wireless, he won’t use it for control. “The downsides to wireless networks are security, dead spots, unexplained loss of connection and slower data transfer,” he laments. However, he’ll continue to use it for the purposes noted above. “Personally, the benefits are so great that I’m willing to put up with the negatives. I also want to mention that wireless technology works surprisingly well even in high RF industrial manufacturing environments.”But that’s the limit for him, adds Drazin. “I haven’t installed, nor do I plan to install, wireless instrumentation,” he states. “Believe me, I have thought about it. The current technology is just not there yet. I relate 802.11b/g to Windows 95. It works but it is unstable and quirky. Perhaps 802.11z will be the ticket.”Markham also has tried wireless. “At a previous job, we used wireless data terminals extensively,” he says. “These were basically wireless VT100 terminals with a barcode scanner built in. They interfaced with a custom inventory control app. Very nice for the warehouse people. The only downside was the several thousand-dollar-per-terminal cost for units certified for use in flammable environments, and the fact that they had an average lifetime of about 12 months.”While Markham is willing to try wireless again, he has some reservations. “I don't want anything that's just been introduced,” he says. “At that point, nobody knows all the interoperability tricks. The vendor's support people might not even have heard of it yet, firmware problems are notoriously difficult to track down, and promised software updates nearly always ship late—sometimes years late.”A paper mill in Canada recently installed a process control system on a new paper machine. “We wanted to use proven technology,” says plant manager [[NAME???]], “so we didn’t want to use wireless or Internet technologies for control.” His paper machine uses seven different networks, including Ethernet/IP, Foundation fieldbus, Profibus, DeviceNet, ControlNet, Bailey Ring and HART.The integration of these networks seems to have gone off without a hitch. “We invited the vendors of eight major systems representing five different countries to a customer acceptance test,” he says. “We used OPC to connect the PC-based systems and RS-485 to connect the PLC systems.”Traditional networks go together easily because everyone understands them. If you’re considering installing a modern network, you may want to consider this: Who will maintain it?“I have a network with 58 workstations and four servers,” reports [[NAME???]] a control engineer at a chemical manufacturer [[NAME??]] in N.J. “The workstations are located in the various control rooms. Because of downsizing, I’ve been waiting for corporate support for more than six months, since we identified some significant networking problems. Prior to this, I waited for almost a year for the technical support to identify the problems.”If you too rely on your IT department, you may run into the same situation. “Our technical experts, who’ve spent most of their careers installing office networks, assume that an occasional re-boot to clear an error is acceptable,” he says.While keeping in mind that emerging technological edges can be sharp, maybe even dangerous, let’s look at trends in industrial networks (See Figure 1 below).
FIGURE 1: HIERARCHY OF INDUSTRIAL CONTROL NETWORKS

UP FROM THE ASHES
One way to gauge the success of a technology is to note how many new products use it. While every product now comes with an Ethernet port, many also come with a Modbus port. Similar to the legendary phoenix, Modbus is rising from the ashes of the destruction that killed off many other networks that first saw light in the 1970s.Why would a clunky network from the Dark Ages of control remain so popular? Bryan Moore, product manager at ABB, says Modbus probably will be around forever. “It doesn’t require special electronics, any PC or PLC can run it at the serial port, it’s very low cost, and it supports 256 stations,” says Moore. “That’s a lot, compared to a DeviceNet or Profibus network.”Yes, it’s slow. “But that means it can cover long distances,” Moore explains.Yes, it’s rudimentary. But it has become a “least common denominator,” adds Moore, like the RS-232/serial ASCII connections of the past. “You can always interface to it. Chances are, if you have any old control equipment or instrumentation in the plant, it probably has a Modbus interface.” WHAT ABOUT WIRELESS?
Jumping from one of the oldest network technologies to the newest, let’s look at wireless. Although some users are wary of wireless, it has taken center stage in the industrial networking theater. Sales are still at entry levels for a new technology (about $75 million in 2003), but market researchers predict good times ahead.Venture Development says the market will grow about 35% annually, reaching $183 million in 2006. Frost & Sullivan projects that wireless sales will quadruple by 2006. A recent IDG. World Expo report goes even further, predicting that the wireless sensing technologies market (including sensors) will be greater than $10 billion by 2010.Many big vendors are jumping on the wireless wagon. The HART Communication Foundation is adding wireless capability to its HART devices, and all the major control vendors are keeping an eye on what wireless is going to mean to process control and automation.Gene Chen, product manager at Honeywell says that Honeywell is an executive sponsor of the three main bodies trying to define a wireless industrial standard. These include the Wireless Industrial Networking Alliance (WINA), ISA SP100, and ZigBee, a consortium of component-level OEMs. Gene Sierra, wireless marketing manager at Emerson Process Management, says that Emerson is working with HART and ISA.Hesh Kagan, director of new technology marketing at Invensys Process Systems, says motes (wireless nodes) and mesh networks are coming. “At the low end, wireless sensors use mesh networking with auto-adaptive, self-healing capabilities,” says Kagan. “Companies such as Millennial Net and Ember are driving standards-based end nodes, radios on a chip, mesh-networking software, gateways and development environments.”Venture Development says its data agrees. It reports that mesh networks will grow from a miniscule $6 million in 2004 to $25 million in 2007, a growth rate of 60%.Kagan sees tremendous opportunities for wireless sensors in process applications. “Most process plants today take measurements at only about 10% of the possible points. But if the attachment and sensor costs were low enough, as mote technology promises, you could measure at many more points, giving you a much richer process model with which to work.”The biggest issue in wireless appears to be the lack of a universal standard. Three groups are working on it: WINA, ISA and ZigBee. “Not having a single backbone slows down adoption,” says Honeywell’s Chen. “Several cases exist where customers spent resources to deploy wireless networks to support tablet PCs for operators, but found the network wouldn’t support wireless sensors. Other customers had the opposite problem when they installed wireless sensors.”According to Venture Development analyst Jake Millete, ZigBee looks promising, but vendors are sticking to their proprietary methods. “Many vendors feel ZigBee is an excellent solution for a variety of applications,” notes Millete, “but for industrial applications where a robust network is essential, some develop their own mesh networks. We’ll see many more ZigBee-based solutions in the industrial market as the standard matures.”This trend will have to solve another problem first. Power is a big issue. “Wireless device-level network and sensors have yet to take off due to limitations of battery technology and lack of standardization,” says Jonas Berge, marketing manager at Smar. “Unlike wireless consumer devices such as mobile phones or PDAs, sensors can’t have their batteries charged or changed every week. Conserving battery power is therefore very important.” Because of the power problem, wireless sensors often transmit less often than wired sensors, and at slower speeds. “As a result, wireless sensors are not suitable for control or functional safety,” says Berge.Slow response also happens when too much wireless traffic occurs nearby, so the sensor has to wait for the frequency to clear to transmit. No one wants to base a real-time control decision on inputs from a wireless sensor. For the immediate future, it appears that wireless will be limited to monitoring. (See this article’s sidebar for a solution to both problems.FIELDBUS FORGES AHEAD
The October 2005 issue of CONTROL includes an account of a mammoth Foundation fieldbus project in SECCO’s ethylene cracker complex in China. The DeltaV system from Emerson Process Management involves 10,000 fieldbus devices in 10 plants with 48,000 loops and 166,000 I/O tags. All PID control is performed in fieldbus instrumentation, and overall control and supervision comes from a central control room, where workstations run asset management, loop tuning and maintenance diagnostic software. The installation demonstrates the control capabilities of fieldbus, its ability to handle giant systems, and shows that it actually works.Meanwhile, standards organizations are working hard to make fieldbus easier to use. “Of greatest interest are Electronic Device Description Language (EDDL) extensions,” says John Yingst, fieldbus systems product manager at Honeywell. “This enhancement will provide a common means for device vendors to specify and interact with complex data such as valve signatures.” EDDL has the support of the Fieldbus Foundation, HART, OPC and Profibus organizations, and EDDL is expected to make it easier for vendors and end users to implement all kinds of fieldbus instrumentation.Fieldbus systems have been way ahead of the current trend toward remote diagnostics. “On-line diagnostics available with Profibus include a status byte incorporated in the transmission of process variable data,” explains Fabian Monino, senior applications engineer at Siemens Energy & Automation. “This permits a control system to evaluate data and perform alarming if necessary.”Fieldbus also can be used in hazardous areas, but it is not considered a “safety system,” says Yingst. “Significant changes would be required to adapt the FF protocol to the requirements of a safety standard. There is an ongoing effort to define a workable Safety Instrumented Systems (SIS) specification.” Berge agrees. “There are plenty of safety buses for the machinery/factory automation world, but nothing for process,” he notes. “FF-SIS is under development and already has TÜV concept approval.”In addition, Pilz has successfully integrated its PSS safety network with EtherNet/IP, ControlNet, Profibus and Interbus, and it developed a safe fieldbus technology of its own, called SafetyBus p. Lee Burk, training and consulting manager at Pilz, says the Ethernet protocol can be used, but Pilz believes a separate fieldbus should be implemented for communication of safety related signals.


"Supported by the Fieldbus Foundation, HART, OPC and Profibus organizations, EDDL is expected to make it easier to implement all kinds of fieldbus instrumentation."

One problem with fieldbus in hazardous areas is the power requirement. “At the introduction stage of fieldbus technology, cabinet-mounted barriers and power supplies were the standard solution,” explains Bernd Schuessler, business development manager at Pepperl+Fuchs. “This solution barely supplied enough power for three or four instruments.” Users complained, so standards organizations and manufacturers developed the FISCO (Fieldbus Intrinsically Safe Concept) and FNICO (Fieldbus Nonincendive Concept), which can power up to eight devices on a segment.P+F also developed the High-Power Trunk concept, which allows up to 16 instruments in a segment. “This allows end users to get the maximum number of devices on a segment, while also being able to achieve maximum cable lengths,” says Schuessler.Foundation fieldbus and Profibus-PA are the two most successful fieldbuses in process control, while Profibus-DP and DeviceNet appear to be the most successful in discrete automation.“We're seeing a very strong trend towards the use of Ethernet as a fieldbus,” says Graham Harris, president, Beckhoff Automation. “This is reflected in current I/O sales and in the emergence of technical organizations such as the EtherCat Technology Group. Over time, we'll see that the most successful Ethernet fieldbus technologies will be truly real-time, deterministic, offer a variety of wiring topologies, and push minimum cycle times below the millisecond mark. In addition, the cost of implementing these fieldbuses will continue to go down when standard cabling is used and off-the-shelf Ethernet cards continue to replace unnecessarily expensive fieldbus cards.”Sergei Furduy, a control engineer at Concept Systems (), a system integrator in Albany, Ore., sees the same trend unfolding. “We still use DeviceNet in some applications, but more often we see DeviceNet being replaced by Ethernet,” he says. “One reason for this is that Ethernet interfaces typically cost less to install than DeviceNet.”Though he says DeviceNet still is used in applications requiring highly deterministic real-time control, the trend is toward localization of control tasks in small PLCs, such as ControLogix PLCs, which connect via Ethernet to existing networks.Furduy adds that, “There are fieldbuses that will continue to be used for factory networking. For example, we occasionally use Profibus, but this is when Siemens PLCs are being used.” But it all winds up on Ethernet. “No matter what control bus is being used, factory data base connectivity typically drives the need to provide connections via Ethernet,” he concludes.ETHERNET STILL GOING STRONG
Ethernet is probably the most popular network in the world, thanks to its long life and use by all WinTel (Windows/Intel) systems. Just about every industrial network has an Ethernet version, including Foundation fieldbus (HSE), Profibus (Profinet) and our old friend, Modbus (Modbus TCP/IP). Various Ethernet hardware is used by big vendors such as Emerson, Rockwell and Omron. All the various protocols can run on the same Ethernet cable at the same time, and OPC Data eXchange software lets various Ethernet devices read the other protocols.Without OPC, connecting various Ethernets is a problem, because there are so many. “It’s important that users understand the differences between standards-compliant networks and standards-based networks,” says Doug McEldowney, Netlinx strategic marketing manager, Rockwell Automation. “Standards-compliant networks, like Ethernet/IP, HSE, and Modbus TCP/IP use existing, unmodified networking components and networking standards to define their solution.”Berge puts it more bluntly: “If the product specification just says ‘Ethernet’ or ‘TCP/IP’ without specifying the application protocol, you can be certain it is proprietary.” Every vendor is jumping aboard the Ethernet train, and for good reason: it is dominating the industry.A major factor pushing Ethernet lower in the factory is the increasing use of remote diagnostics and remote monitoring. As a recent Control Design web poll indicates, 47% of machine builders are incorporating web-based diagnostics. “At a minimum, products connected to Ethernet provide some level of diagnostics about the product and/or system via Web servers today,” adds McEldowney. “Also, the ability to leverage web services, in general, opens opportunities to connect dissimilar speaking devices within the enterprise. This area will continue to expand over time with more functionality being embedded deeper in the control systems.”OPC is working in that area, too. "We expect to release the new OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) spec by the end of the year," says Lee Neitzel, Emerson Process Management’s senior technologist and editor of the new OPC UA spec. "The new OPC UA will permit OPC to be used across the Internet. By early next year, OPC applications will begin to communicate seamlessly using Internet communications wherever they are in the world. This will be a significant advance in automation system communications." For users and OEMs, this will be another feature to add to the Ethernet steamroller. For competing networks, it may be another nail in their coffin.

With Wireless, Who Needs Networks?

HERE'S ONE SOLUTION to the power and speed problems with wireless proximity sensors that requires no batteries, operates as many times and as fast as needed, and suffers no delays or interference from other transmitters. Chris Jeffrey, business development area manager at ABB explains that several customers, including robotics, powertrain and stamping companies in the automobile industry asked his firm to help reduce their huge, ongoing costs associated with broken wires and worn/loose connections.Jeffrey says sensor cables are one of the most frequent sources of failure in factory automation. "One automaker was spending about $40,000 per month just fixing wires on one machine," he says. "Wires and connections on robot arms, portable assembly pallets, platforms and anything else that moves will flex and break connections on a regular basis." It sounded like a battery-powered sensor was just the ticket.Alas, replacing batteries, which never wear out on schedule, is just as much trouble as fixing wires. "If you have a machine with 50 battery-operated sensors, they all wear out at different times, depending on how often they are actuated," he says. Perpetually replacing batteries introduces a new maintenance nightmare. "Our wireless proximity switch design target was 10 years of maintenance-free operation, which ultimately means no batteries."ABB developed a system that uses an electromagnetic field inside or around the machine (see Figure 2 below) to power all these wireless sensors. Because power is no longer a problem, the sensors (see photo) can operate continuously at high rates. Each sensor has a wireless transmitter that sends on/off signals to a base station. "ABB uses standard 2.4-GHz radio transceivers in its sensors, such as those used in Bluetooth, but employs a tailor-made real-time communication protocol.”FIGURE 2: ELECTROMAGNETICALLY ENCLOSED

Wireless proximity switches have a ferrite cube, rectifier and voltage regulator which supply power regardless of the sensor’s orientation in the magnetic field. BLUETOOTH is a general-purpose radio, originally developed for computer peripheral communication in offices. It is not usually considered for industrial real-time use in control systems. Likewise, Jeffrey says, ZigBee will be suitable only for data collection and non-time-critical devices, like in building automation. "ABB’s wireless technology WISA (Wireless Interface to Sensors and Actuators) is designed specifically for on-line sensor/actuator communication in factory automation control applications," adds Jeffrey. “This means hundreds of nodes have to communicate in the 10 msec range. This requires a previously unheard-of level of timing and high reliability, especially in the presence of a wide variety of industrial disturbances.”Jeffrey says work is ongoing to add position encoders, other machine sensors and field I/O devices to the product list. He also says it may be possible in the near future to power actuators and even motors via the electromagnetic field. The implications of this technology are interesting, if not staggering. Jeffrey is talking about the possibility of a completely wireless machine; that is, no power wires, no I/O wiring, and no hardwired machine network. The only contact the machine would have to the outside world would be from its base station and PLC.Extend the concept to hazardous areas, unit process controllers, skid-mounted systems, distillation columns, machine tools, and anything else that can be enclosed in an electromagnetic field, and it could spell the end to all the standard fieldbuses, device buses and I/O networks. This is definitely a development to watch.

Publish-Subscribe in Real Time

ANOTHER POTENTIAL network trend involves the newest real-time networking system for the WinTel platform: the OMG Data-Distribution Service (DDS). This is a publish-subscribe scheme that works with Windows operating systems. It hasn’t exactly caught fire, but it shows promise in its ability to make WinTel systems more suitable for networking in an industrial environment.

“Many real-time applications must model some of their communication patterns as a pure data-centric exchange where applications publish, supply or stream data, which is then available to any interested application,” explains Gerardo Pardo-Castellote, Ph.D., chairman of the DDS Standards Committee and chief technology officer of Real-Time Innovations. These applications include industrial automation and distributed control. The lack of standards in this area forced application developers to use proprietary solutions or develop the infrastructure themselves. With the recent introduction of the OMG Data-Distribution Service for Real Time Systems, there are now COTS products that provide this infrastructure.”

In a nutshell, this means the classic way of accessing data remotely in a standard WinTel system, using simple read and write instructions, doesn’t work well in real time. An instantaneous response can’t be guaranteed in an Ethernet LAN or WAN where computers enter and leave, and links have sporadic faults. The data-centric scheme in DDS, however, provides the performance, predictability and resource control required by embedded and real-time systems.

Kuka Controls recently announced the successful integration of RTI’s version of DDS (NDDS) into its VxWin operating system. The combination allows Wind River VxWorks and Windows XP Embedded to run on the same host processor and share data with a publish-subscribe scheme. Operations are unaffected by Windows “events,” ensuring failsafe real-time operations.

RTI intends to market its DDS product into the industrial space. “We will combine our NDDS with new tools for distributed system visualization, analysis and real-time debugging,” says Stan Schneider, CEO of RTI. “This platform will simplify design, ease development, and improve the quality and performance of real-time embedded systems in industrial automation applications.”

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