Direct-drive, hollow-shaft motors increase speed and acceleration, while providing better accuracy and faster response times compared to motor-driven, mechanical arrangements. In applications appropriate for direct-drive, hollow-shaft motors, the time of a move may be reduced by up to 80% from approximately 50 milliseconds to less than 10 milliseconds. High repetition rate positional moves are sensitive to inertia matching and types of coupling, in addition to harmonic vibrations in the mounting structures. Hollow-shafted motors are available for extreme environments, including vacuum/space, waterproof/deep sea, radiation-resistant and others.