Three decades of DCS technology

April 18, 2005
Distributed control system technology and its pioneers have had a profound effect on our profession and should be recognized, according to Around the Loop columnist Terrence K. McMahon.

 By Terrence K. McMahon

This year, Distributed Control System (DCS) technology marks 30 years since the first TDC-2000 beta-types were installed at Exxon’s Sarnia, Ontario refinery, Kennecott’s Garfield, Utah copper smelter, and other sites. During this period, the DCS has swept alternative process control technologies from the field (analog pneumatic or electronic with supervisory-level digital computers or dedicated direct digital control (DDC) systems with dual shared-file mini-computers). In the late 1970s, market analysts projected the decline of analog control but no one anticipated the speed or completeness of this transformation.


At least two generations of process control engineers have matured during the DCS era, which has endured much longer than earlier technologies. The pneumatic and electronic analog eras lasted 15–20 years each while computer-based control systems, overlaying various primary control eras, spanned perhaps two decades from the late 1950s to the late 1970s.

DCS technology derives from DDC, the theory of which germinated very early in the digital epoch. The ENIAC (electronic numerical integrator and computer) machine at the University of Pennsylvania in 1946–1949 was the beginning of the stored-program, digital computer era. In 1952, Long and Holtzman of Shell Development discussed the feasibility of direct digital control in the Transactions of ASME. Monsanto Chemical first reduced DDC to practice in an ammonia plant in Luling, La., in 1962. The noted computer control pioneer, Ted Williams, an inductee of the CONTROL Process Automation Hall of Fame, was the intellectual driving force behind this installation. Exxon was another DDC pioneer at its Aruba Refinery using a Foxboro PCP-88 (dual DEC PDP-8s with a shared disc drive).

Honeywell had been working on a dedicated digital loop controller since 1969 but the problems of reliability and cost seemed insurmountable. The emergence of the integrated-circuit microprocessor in the early 1970s solved these problems. The Intel 8080, announced in early 1974, was the breakthrough event enabling multiple control loops to be handled with a single microprocessor. The Intel 4004 (1971) and 8008 (1972) were pointed in the right direction but were not quite up to the requirements dictated by process control loop. The 8080, fabricated with n-channel metal oxide on silicon (n-MOS) technology brought sufficient computing capability to allow process control loop requirements to be accommodated.

Honeywell’s focus on the digital loop controller was motivated by their need to leapfrog the competition. Foxboro’s analog controllers were generally considered the class of the industry. The SPEC 200, announced in 1972, was the high-water mark of analog electronic technology and ISA’s 4–20mA standard (SP50) was approved in 1975 just as this technology was being rendered obsolete by digital controllers.

The TDC-2000 was an immediate success in the marketplace. Bailey Controls, under the strategic guidance of Bud Keyes, introduced the first significant competitive product (NETWORK 90) a year or two later. Fisher Controls and Fischer & Porter soon followed.

Foxboro and Taylor Instruments, hoping to preserve their analog franchises as long as possible, joined this trend in the early 1980s. At ISA/76 in Houston's Astrodome, Honeywell formally unveiled the TDC-2000. Only an aisle or two away, Taylor Instruments unveiled their MOD III centralized display and communication system for electronic analog controllers. Within a few years, MOD III had been displaced by the MOD 300 DCS.

Distributed control systems, because of their ability to integrate large numbers of measurements into the process control strategy, significantly increased the demand for transmitters and other peripherals. Shipments by U.S. manufacturers surpassed the $1 billion mark in 1989. Total shipments of all process control instrument products were just over $1 billion in 1972 at the high point of the analog era.

DCS shipments stayed strong and stable through 2001. During 2002-2003 they dropped precipitously reaching a level in 2003 not seen since 1986. Something is going on but the focus is not yet clear. It may be that the value-added from this activity is being reported as software or services in some other category. DCS technology has had a profound effect on our profession. The pioneers deserve recognition for this substantial contribution.

U.S. Manufacturers Shipments – Electronic Systems Non-Unified Architecture

YEAR    SHIPMENTS
($ in millions)
YEAR    SHIPMENTS
($ in millions)
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       
       


2003  $689    1991  $954
2002  $835    1990  $1095
2001   $1400    1989  $1039
2000  $1492    1988  $860
1999  $1484    1987  $778
1998  $1225    1986  $690
1997  $1428    1985  $705
1996  $1546    1984  $652
1995  $1432    1983  $441
1994  $1352    1982   $519
1993  $1307    1981  $420
1992  $1236  (Classification did not exist prior to 1981)

Terrence K. McMahon, McMahon Technology Associates, [email protected]

Sponsored Recommendations

Make Effortless HMI and PLC Modifications from Anywhere

The tiny EZminiWiFi is a godsend for the plant maintenance engineers who need to make a minor modification to the HMI program or, for that matter, the PLC program. It's very easy...

The Benefits of Using American-Made Automation Products

Discover the benefits of American-made automation products, including stable pricing, faster delivery, and innovative features tailored to real-world applications. With superior...

50 Years of Automation Innovation and What to Expect Next

Over the past 50 years, the automation technology landscape has changed dramatically, but many of the underlying industry needs remain unchanged. To learn more about what’s changed...

Manufacturing Marvels Highlights Why EZAutomation Is a Force to Be Reckoned With

Watch EZAutomation's recent feature on the popular FOX Network series "Manufacturing Marvels" and discover what makes them a force to be reckoned with in industrial automation...