By Eric Byres
In most respects, the security plan for the petroleum drilling operation seemed like a good one. There was a well-managed corporate firewall protecting the corporate intranet from the Internet and switches with virtual local area networks (VLANs) separating that intranet from the automation network. Software patching was done on the business servers as much as possible, though it was pretty haphazard for some of the computers on the automation network, due to fears that the new patches might impact production. Certainly there could be a few improvements, but most of the control staff were pretty sure that all the bad things happening on the Internet were going to stay there and not bother their isolated operation in far north Alaska.
The Porous Boundary
Current security arrangement allow many pathways into the control system.
The offending computers were shut down, the automation system was disconnected from the corporate network, and the situation was saved. Both production and drilling operations had escaped. The impact was limited mostly to loss of alarm data for a few hours. Of course, the impact on the support staff was significant, as it took several days to track down and patch all the offending automation and business systems. But everyone knew that they had been luckyat the time of the incident, the main facility DCS used a proprietary, non-Ethernet HMI interface, so it wasnt affected. However, that system was scheduled to be replaced with an Ethernet-based system soon, so the next time things could be much worse.
What Went Wrong?
There was a good firewall in place, but somehow it was bypassed by the worm. Probably there was configuration error in its rule sets (see sidebar), but it also could have been that an infected laptop was brought into the network. (Three-and-a-half months later this happened to a refinery in Louisiana.) Maybe a dial-up modem was the culprit.
We will probably never know how the Slammer worm made it into this facility, but the fact is that once the worm was on the inside, it found a very soft target and really could begin to do its worst. The VLANs separating the automation system from the corporate network were never up to the job of protecting control systems from a wormthey were designed to limit broadcasts and simplify network administrationaand the unpatched computers were just sitting ducks, waiting to be infected.
The real culprit in this incident was the fact that this facility had depended on what is known as the bastion model for its security design. The bastion model is based on the idea of hiding all key assets behind a single, monolithic security solution and letting it provide all the security to the system. It this case, the bastion was the single firewall between the business network and Internet.
Most corporate Information Technology (IT) departments gave up on the bastion model years ago. Sure they still have big boundary firewalls, but just try installing a computer on their network that doesnt have anti-virus software, current patches or a personal firewall installed and see what happens. Chances are the IT department will cut you off the network faster than you can say, Bastion firewall, please dont fail me now.
Its not that IT departments dont trust their firewalls; they just know that depending on a single firewall for all security protection is introducing a single point of failure into their system. With a technology as complicated as computer networking, a single point of failure is an invitation for Murphy and his Law to play havoc with the security of an entire system. So the IT department does its best to secure the overall network, but it also expects that each device on the network is secure in its own right.
Unfortunately, in the control system world, we dont have the same philosophy. We believe that as long as we have some sort of device separating the control network from the business network, we are safe. As the incident at the drilling operation showed, this belief is misguided at bestthe existence of five unpatched computers (in an automation network comprising of hundreds of computers and controllers) put the entire system at serious risk.
Where Did That Boundary Go?
IT departments have also learned that their networks are becoming so complicated, it is difficult find the network boundary. For example, the laptop that I am writing this article on is behind my home firewall right now. Yesterday it was behind the corporate firewall at my office. Tomorrow it will be on the unprotected wireless network provided by the local airport. At the same time, it will be connected into a number of key corporate servers back at my head office. So where is the corporate network boundary and what is on it? The answer is We dont really know. So can we depend on one firewall to provide all the security? No!
Now control system networks may not have laptops moving around, but they do have a lot of interconnections that we tend to forget about. Besides the usual link to the business LAN, there can be a myriad of other connections into the control system, including serial links, wireless systems, third-party maintenance connections, remote-site connections over leased public telecommunications networks and dial-up modems. In fact, when ARC Advisory Group recently surveyed control engineers about the types of connections that their automation networks had to the outside world, this is what it found:
- 47.5% Company Intranet/Business Network
- 42.5% Direct Internet Connections
- 35% Direct Dial-up Modems
- 20% Wireless Modems
- 17.5% No Connection
- 8.0% Other Connections
Notice that the percentages in the ARC study do not add up to 100%, indicating that most facilities have multiple pathways into the control system. One security survey of a large refinery uncovered 14 different pathways. The bottom line is that modern control systems are so complex that expecting every single byte of information flowing in or out of the automation network to be inspected by a single firewall is just no longer realistic.
So if the bastion model of security wont protect our control systems, what will? One place to look is in the work of a little-known, but influential, non-profit foundation called the Jericho Forum.
Eric J. Byres, PE, is principal at Byres Security, Inc. He can be reached at [email protected].
The next installment of this series will discuss the Jericho Forum and its approach to control system security.